另外一種方法是訴諸去正常化的醫學模子,此模型為失能者供給醫療協助,以實現他們設定的方針。 Wendell, S. (2013). The rejected body: Feminist philosophical reflections on disability. Routledge.
要均衡病理和社會概念就需要最小化說話正常化的影響。社會說話學視角強調多樣性為社會的終究目的,而醫學模型尊敬實現小我意願的自立權。社會說話學視角突顯神經多樣性和導致失能的社會障礙,但有時未能解決失能者在實際中的現實需求。 Bauman, H. D., & Murray, J. (2009). Reframing: From hearing loss to deaf gain. Deaf Studies Digital Journal, 1(1), 1-10. Johnston, T. (2006). W (h) ither the Deaf community? Population, genetics, and the future of Australian Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 6(2), 137-173. Easton, C., & Verdon, S. (2021). The influence of linguistic bias upon speech-language pathologists’ attitudes toward clinical scenarios involving nonstandard dialects of English. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 30(5), 1973-1989. Henner, J., & Robinson, O. (2023). Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: A crip linguistics manifesto. Journal of Critical Study of Communication & Disability, 1(1), 7-37. 參考文獻 Nario‐Redmond, M. R., Kemerling, A. A., & Silverman, A. (2019). Hostile, benevolent, and ambivalent ableism: Contemporary manifestations. Journal of Social Issues, 75(3), 726-756. Pierre, J. S. (2013). The Construction of the Disabled Speaker: Locating Stuttering in Disability Studies. In Literature, speech disorders, and disability (pp. 9-23). Routledge. Riddell, S. (2018). Theorising special educational needs in a changing political climate. In Disability and society (pp. 83-106). Routledge. Zaks, Z. (2023). Changing the medical model of disability to the normalization model of disability: Clarifying the past to create a new future direction. Disability & Society, 1-28.
Bunbury, S. (2019). Unconscious bias and the medical model: How the social model may hold the key to transformative thinking about disability discrimination. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 19(1), 26-47.
Swain, J., & French, S. (2000). Towards an affirmation model of disability. Disability & Society, 15(4), 569-582.
Flores, N., & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard educational review, 85(2), 149-171.
作者介紹
Oliver, M. (2013). The social model of disability: Thirty years on. Disability & Society, 28(7), 1024-1026.
即便醫學模子已解決了其與說話正常化的負面聯繫,並正面的協助失能者具有更多的自立權來實現他們的小我需求,社會上的前提和現實對失能者來說依然具有挑戰性。有些失能者因為在生活中碰到的連續串的實際需求,而但願摒棄他們的多樣性並融入主流社會結構中。社會說話學視角側重於揭示個別的神經多樣性和商量造成失能的社會障礙,但有時它未能捕捉到社會實際。
Hobson, H. M., Toseeb, U., & Gibson, J. L. (2024). Developmental language disorder and neurodiversity: Surfacing contradictions, tensions and unanswered questions. International journal of language & communication disorders.
但是,有時辰社會模型並非那麼接近失能者的現實需求。社會說話學視角展現多樣性,醫學模子重視小我意願。是以,去中間化的醫學協助可以參與。這不單單是為了減緩失能者的身心痛苦,還供應實現其實際需求和確定目標的方法。社會模子的腳色是消除社會障礙,建樹包容多樣性的社會。假如我們理解兩個模子離別扮演的角色,那麼均衡醫學和社會概念是可能的。
- 例如,口吃者的講話可能不連貫,而聽者也可能急於替口吃者完成句子,或毛病地假定口吃者行將說的話。
從社會說話學的角度看,一種方式是首倡一個包涵性的社會結構或工作環境,領會其其實對話交換中的責任不是單方面的,而是落在每個介入者上,當對話上碰到艱巨時,介入者有同等的責任。現實上,兩邊的說話行為都阻礙交流的順暢水平,是以不該該只讓口吃者承擔責任,並是以被清掃在經濟與社會交換以外。
文章出自: https://lingsights.tw/articles/43
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